The most common cause of a tsunami is a significant earthquake occurring beneath the ocean floor. For a tsunami to form, the earthquake typically needs to be of a large magnitude (usually M7.0 or higher)
⛵9.1 magnitude earthquake also causes a large Tidal in the city of… See more
and occur along a subduction zone or other fault where there is significant vertical displacement of the seafloor.Diagram showing seafloor uplift from earthquake creating a tsunami.When one tectonic plate suddenly slips past another, it can uplift or drop vast sections of the ocean floor. This abrupt vertical movement acts like a giant paddle, pushing or pulling the entire column of water above it.
Unlike regular surface waves generated by wind, tsunami waves involve the movement of the entire water column from the surface to the seafloor. In the deep ocean, tsunamis travel incredibly fast, often at speeds comparable to a jet airplane (up to 500 mph or 800 km/h), but with relatively small wave heights, sometimes only a few feet. Because of their long wavelength and the involvement of the deep water, they are often imperceptible to ships far out at sea.
Approaching the Coast: The Transformation
As a tsunami approaches shallower coastal waters, its behavior changes dramatically. The front of the wave slows down due to friction with the seabed, but the energy behind it continues to build up. This causes the wave height to increase dramatically, sometimes reaching tens of feet or even over a hundred feet in extreme cases. The wavelength shortens, and the wave train compresses.
The arrival of a tsunami is often preceded by a noticeable recession of the coastline, as the trough of the wave arrives before the peak.
Huge tsunami wave nearing a coastal city shoreline.
This dramatic pull-back of the water can expose large areas of the seabed, a chilling warning sign for those who recognize it. When the crest finally arrives, it doesn’t just break like a normal surf wave; it comes in as a powerful, fast-moving surge of water that can inundate coastal areas far inland, carrying debris and destroying structures.
